Sunday, May 4, 2014

The Dragons of Eden: Speculations on the Evolution of Human Intelligence

Carl Sagan – 1977

This book marks Carl Sagan’s transformation from a popular astrophysicist and astronomer who’d appear on TV whenever space-related news needed commentary into a thinker and philosopher with a much more ambitious goal; to make a case for pure science as a solid and satisfactory alternative to the fuzzy New Age mindset popular since the 60s; which lazily puts superstition on a pedestal since that is the easiest way to indulge fantasies about destiny and magical powers.  Obviously, Sagan didn’t have much success in curbing this trend, (since it’s as strong as ever today), but as time goes on, he seems all the more heroic for his uncanny ability to preach common sense while never being condescending or snide in his views on religion and people of faith; (quite unlike Richard Dawkins, Christopher Hitchens, and other professional atheists).  Science, in Sagan’s view, is adequately nourishing to the soul because of the scope and grandeur of its view of nature and the cosmos.  The Dragons of Eden takes a hard look at several intriguing issues regarding our evolution and intelligence.  In particular, I was fascinated by the sections that lent the book its title.  Sagan supposes that the strong aversion to emotionless, cold-blooded reptiles felt by many people is a genetic detail that has carried through millennia since the days when mammals were little more than prey for vastly more powerful reptiles, who of course once dominated the planet as dinosaurs.  This fear fed human legends around the world about dragons and other enormous serpents of land and sea.  He also comments on sleeping and dreaming; how the common sensation of falling while asleep likely comes from our primate ancestors who lived in trees to escape the predators on the ground and had to take precautions to avoid tumbling from the branches in the middle of the night.  But mostly, the book simply conveys Sagan’s infectious sense of wonder that should accompany scientific learning; the pride in how far we have come and the humility in anticipating how far we can go.

Excerpt:  “The main conclusion arrived at in this work, namely, that man is descended from some lowly-organized form, will, I regret to think, be highly distasteful to many persons. But there can hardly be a doubt that we are descended from barbarians. The astonishment which I felt on first seeing a party of Fuegians on a wild and broken shore will never be forgotten by me, for the reflection at once rushed into my mind - such were our ancestors. These men were absolutely naked and bedaubed with paint, their long hair was tangled, their mouths frothed in excitement, and their expression was wild, startled, and distrustful. They possessed hardly any arts, and, like wild animals, lived on what they could catch; they had no government, and were merciless to everyone not of their own small tribe. He who has seen a savage in his native land will not feel much shame, if forced to acknowledge that the blood of some more humble creature flows in his veins. For my own part, I would as soon be descended from that heroic little monkey, who braved his dreaded enemy in order to save the life of his keeper; or from that old baboon who, descending from the mountains, carried away in triumph his young comrade from a crowd of astonished dogs - as from a savage who delights to torture his enemies, offers up bloody sacrifices, practices infanticide without remorse, treats his wives like slaves, knows no decency, and is haunted by the grossest superstitions.”
 

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