King Jesus

Robert Graves – 1946

“Do you ever relax from your monomania of holiness?” - Pontius Pilate to Jesus

I don’t think I’ve ever been as happily captivated by a novel from beginning to end as I was while reading Robert Graves’ King Jesus. I loved it so much that I felt like it was written especially for me. How Graves was able to present his enormous knowledge of antiquity, blended with his own theories and observations, filtered through his somehow poetic and completely accessible writing style, is nothing short of miraculous in my opinion. Equally remarkable is his ability to tell the story of the life of Christ from secular and pagan perspectives while also displaying due admiration for Jesus himself. The fictional historian who guides us takes the position that most of Jesus’ reported miracles were misunderstood or exaggerated in the retelling, but that Jesus was not only a genuinely gifted holy man with sharp human ethics, and who was legitimately entitled to be known as the King of the Jews as well. I was hooked from the very first page, on which Graves describes the antagonistic relationship between Judaism and “mother goddess” cults in the ancient Levant. This connects to Graves’ other major work of the 1940s, his nonfiction study of paganism and poetry, The White Goddess. The scholar/historian narrator in King Jesus asserts that the great secret of ancient Judaism is that the right of kingship is actually passed through the female line, not the patriarchal. The Biblical characters Hannah (Anna), Elizabeth, Miriam (Mary), the mother of Jesus, and Mary of Cleophas all belong to a parallel or interior sect within Judaism that maintains the ways of the older cults devoted to the mother goddess. “In the name of the Mother,” is a password phrase recognized by them all. Graves suggests that Jesus’ birth was engineered by a clever, farsighted high priest who arranged a surreptitious marriage between Mary, the last in the royal matriarchal line, and Antipater, King Herod’s eldest son and heir, giving their offspring indisputable claims to the Judean throne through both parents. Herod spoils these plans when he condemns Antipater to death as an Abrahamic sacrifice intended to help cure him of the mysterious festering diseases that would claim his life soon after Jesus’ birth, forcing Mary to seek out an arranged second marriage with the carpenter Joseph and to flee to Egypt to protect the infant from the murderous Herod. One of the running themes of the novel is the misogyny that Graves seems to consider inherent in Judaism. The Israelites dread being on the sea, identifying it with the Female, i.e. female sexual power, the lust that corrupts and distracts holy men from their holy business. The great rarely-spoken-of enemy of the Jewish tribes is the mother goddess embodied by the apocryphal Lilith, “the first Eve,” and her fellow priestesses down through the ages. Lucifer/Satan/the Devil is never even mentioned, but it is stated that Jesus’ mission is to personally “destroy the works of the Female.” There is a remarkable and heady chapter in which a type of doctrinal wizards duel takes place between Jesus and Mary of Cleophas (Clopas), a prostitute ringleader and high priestess of the goddess cult, which climaxes with an agreement between the two of them to marry in order to fulfill messianic prophecies that both of them have vested interest in, although the actual marriage, to Mary’s chagrin, is to remain unconsummated. Jesus’ many recorded miracles are explained as either misunderstandings or exaggerated by word of mouth, and in some cases, the result of the power of suggestion. Jesus is careful not to attempt healing anyone who is blatantly incurable. A crippled man is able to stand because Jesus relieves him of his debilitating guilt. The changing of water into wine is just a metaphor, not an actual phenomenon. It is told that Lazarus, a cousin of Jesus’ witch wife Mary, was cursed by her with a condition resembling death in order to lure Jesus home, and that Jesus is somehow able to remove the trance, allowing Lazarus to seemingly rise from the dead. There are unexplained miracles too, however, which the author seems to accept, having no rational explanation, including Jesus’ resurrection. After exiting his tomb, he is last seen disappearing into the mist over a hill in the companionship of three women; Mary, his mother, Mary, his queen, and a third, unidentified woman. As in Frazer’s The Golden Bough, it is observed that crucifixion is an ancient tradition in many cultures, starting as a propitiatory ritual requiring kings themselves to be killed, and degenerating over time into a punishment for lowly criminals. As such, Jesus ends up accidentally fulfilling the pagan “dying god/dying king” prophecy, which he could have averted if he had accepted Pontius Pilate’s help, who clearly accepted that Jesus was King Herod’s grandson, even noting the facial resemblance. Just after his tortuous execution, Jesus’ wife/queen Mary comments to observers that her husband’s actual crime was not against the Pharisees or Rome but “the Female,” whose prophecies cannot be rushed into fruition, not even by someone of Jesus’ great gifts and genius. In losing his battle against the great mother goddess, fervently praying to his Father god to his last breath, Jesus is discredited and condemned. We are left to discern the meaning of his resurrection ourselves, as Graves’ narrator appears to run out of theories in the book’s final pages, but the implication could be that the Female’s, the Triple Goddess’ magic has won out over the Israelites’ slight-of-hand miracles and superstitions, as the three mysterious women on the foggy hill, like Macbeth’s trio of witches, lead the healed and resurrected Son of David off to his true destiny. King Jesus is a truly unique, beautiful, challenging and satisfying work of literature by one of the great English author/scholars.

Starship Troopers

Robert A. Heinlein – 1959

As a longtime fan of Paul Verhoeven’s film adaptation of Starship Troopers, Robert Heinlein’s source novel has been on my reading list for years. The only other book of his that I’ve read is Stranger in a Strange Land. Supposedly, Verhoeven didn’t read much of the novel because he found it fascistic. I don’t know if that’s the case. I interpreted it as a story told from the point of view of a young soldier who is thoroughly indoctrinated in military philosophy. Probably 80% of the novel is a debate and dissertation, first absorbed and then expressed by protagonist Johnnie Rico, about everything from practical soldiering to the mathematics behind combat strategy. Rico is an interesting hero because, as in the film, he starts out a rather spoiled and self-interested boy, but, due to his inherent humility, quickly adapts to the life of an infantryman. Rico portrays himself as simple and unexceptional, but his writing and observations are advanced, and I wondered if this situation could occur because the society he lives in places minimal value on arts and letters, being completely militarist in orientation. What makes the book so interesting to me is the ultimately unresolved question of whether or not Rico is exclusively brainwashed or if the army just legitimately brings out and polishes his best natural abilities. Regarding the perceived “right wing” slant of the novel, I don’t buy it. Why can’t a brilliant author bury himself in an alien worldview just like he does with his main characters and fictional universe, to explore how systems and ideas evolve? The presence of militaristic statements by fictional characters does not make the author a fascist. That logic would lead you to believe that Nazis criticizing Jews in hateful language in Schindler’s List must mean that the work itself, and its author, are fascist too. This reasoning is absurd on the face of it. Further, the implication of fascism’s characteristic xenophobia is completely undercut by Heinlein’s depiction of a cooperating international Earth culture. Juan “Johnnie” Rico is from South America, but the language he speaks at home with his parents is Tagalog, and his squad in basic training is populated with inductees representing not only English but Spanish, German and Japanese-speaking nations. And in the final chapter, depicting a brand new infantryman preposterously boasting of his nation's many historical accomplishments, we and Rico are reminded that ideologies often flourish thanks to big lies. It's clear that Heinlein is highly skeptical of all political systems, including the one currently in power in his story. I was surprised how little combat against the giant “Bugs” of Klendathu actually takes place in the story. In fact, Rico doesn’t find himself in the middle of the war until the last dozen or so pages, and even then, ironically, he gets injured and knocked unconscious and misses the battle’s entire resolution. (Hardly the rousing finale you’d expect in a supposedly pro-war book.) In further irony, Verhoeven’s film was also dismissed as fascist propaganda by blinkered intellectuals utterly consumed with interpreting all art through the filter of their narrow agenda. These automaton-like critics lack the tools to acknowledge the subtlety and nuance of authors who are actually critiquing the very things they’re accused of promoting. That’s the real dystopia we’re in, which was always foretold by the best science fiction writers like Heinlein, Bradbury, Vonnegut, and many others.

The Once and Future King

T.H. White – 1958

Comprised of four novellas written in the 1930s and 40s about Arthurian legends, The Once and Future King is T.H. White’s most celebrated work, comparable in scope and eloquence to Gormenghast by Mervyn Peake and The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien, White’s fellow English contemporaries. The four books are The Sword in the Stone, The Queen of Air and Darkness, The Ill-Made Knight and The Candle in the Wind. A fifth story, The Book of Merlyn, was intended to conclude the epic collection but was ultimately published posthumously. Like Tolkien’s The Hobbit, The Sword in the Stone was first published separately in the late 30s and is more of a whimsical introduction to the dense fantasy world to be further explored in the later, more mature books. As the basis of the animated 1963 Disney film, The Sword in the Stone may be the most famous story, but I felt that the centerpiece and soul of the book is The Ill-Made Knight, the story of Lancelot’s all-consuming and tragic love for Queen Guinevere. This passion causes him to betray his best friend and king, as well as his faith, and to compromise his honor. The portrait of Lancelot is like nothing I’ve encountered before, full of so much heartbreaking irony that it’s almost unbearable. Unlike Arthur, who was always destined to lead, Lancelot was a completely unexceptional and unloved child who craved nothing except the love of a father figure, a role that Arthur would fill. Much is made of his physical ugliness, which only adds to his low self-esteem. What he is, though, is a universally unmatched swordsman and warrior, making him a legend in his own lifetime. He carries a lonely and dark secret all his life; the knowledge that he is not benevolent by nature and has to actively imitate the behavior of good people in order to function as a noble knight. This humility, ironically, is what makes him the superior man in the end, though he never comprehends it. He feels like a pretender his entire life. In this sense, he is the noblest and truest hero, because he overcomes weaknesses to accomplish the things he does, whereas many of the other knights who seem “good” so effortlessly never seem to question their own righteousness. To make matters worse, being smitten by his idol Arthur’s wife leads to a one-sided burden of a relationship. Guinevere lusts for him but is generally capricious and jealous, barely concerned that her hysterics lead Lancelot to raving madness at one point, showing only fleeting regrets over the abject misery she is laying upon her guileless lover. The Queen of Air and Darkness (a.k.a. The Witch in the Wood) also stands out for its disturbing back-and-forth between Arthur agonizing over how to justify force to create peace and the witch Morgause’s and her children’s appalling cruelty to animals, including the gruesome killing and desecration of a rare, white unicorn. Throughout the novel, White’s prose is exquisite without becoming flowery. His famous use of anachronisms and his almost sadistic deployment of arcane British words and references can have you shaking your head at times, but it's never off-putting. Ultimately, its provocative debate about humanity’s penchant for war and whether or not it deserves its dominion over the natural world is what stays with the reader long after putting it down.

The Green Brain

Frank Herbert - 1966

This was Frank Herbert’s first publication following his signature classic Dune. It may suffer in comparison, but why compare? It’s a compelling and provocative story in its own right. Humanity has finally found a way to eradicate all insect pests, allowing it to confidently build housing in the depths of the jungles. Little do the masterminds suspect that bugs have not only collectively built up an immunity to insecticides, but – due to severe mutation – they’ve all neurologically linked to each other and formed a hive mind that thinks and plans. The insects also have the ability to mass together into human and other shapes in order to spy on humans and to intimidate as needed. Possibly an influence on movies like Phase IV and Mimic, The Green Brain is especially notable for the ecological themes that Herbert was known for, along with the idea of adaptation and the untapped potential of human (or animal) intelligence.

“A person cries out in life because it's lonely and because life's been broken off from whatever created it. But no matter how much you hate life, you love it too. It's like a caldron boiling with everything you have to have, but very painful to the lips.”

Kink: An Autobiography

Dave Davies - 1996

Three years younger than his brother, Ray, Dave Davies founded The Kinks without him in 1963, only to have Ray join soon after and essentially take over as lead singer, primary songwriter and mastermind. This early sibling rivalry is at the core of Dave’s grudge against his brother, one that was never resolved in the entire 33-year history of the group, (which disbanded officially in 1996, the same year as this book’s publication). The eccentric Ray Davies became one of the top songsmiths and rock visionaries of the 60s alongside Bob Dylan, Lennon & McCartney, Brian Wilson, and Pete Townshend, producing a string of classic concept albums in the 60s and 70s. It might never have happened if the rebellious, Eddie Cochran-worshipping Dave hadn’t started the band in the first place and created the signature raucous guitar sound that made the first few Kinks singles so sensational. At only seventeen years old, he experimented with his guitar and manipulated his amps to create the raw sound that characterized the legendary riffs in the songs ‘You Really Got Me’ and ‘All Day and All of the Night.’ Skyrocketed to fame overnight, Dave was more than ready to dive into the swinging sixties with regards to fashion, drugs and groupies. Dave was the outgoing and good-looking rock star while his brother Ray was the brooding, suffering and distant artist. They apparently had so little in common that it’s hard to believe they are related. Dave claims that Ray manipulated and stole credit from him repeatedly throughout their career, but (as happens with many successful musical partnerships) neither of them could break away; they needed each other to produce the magic that was The Kinks – Ray's wizardry in the studio and Dave’s dazzling onstage guitarwork and outgoing rock image. Neither could have fired the other, nor gone solo with the same success as they had together. The book seems to be Dave’s attempt at therapy, unloading a lifetime’s worth of grievances all at once in the hopes of relieving his pain. It probably didn’t work since what it seems he’s really after is some basic human warmth from his big brother. The other big trauma of his life was being torn from his girlfriend at the age of 15 after she became pregnant and both sets of parents conspired to separate them, persuading the girl that Dave wanted nothing to do with her and vice versa. Dave spent 25 years wondering what became of this girl and the daughter she raised without him. The most heart-wrenching aspect of the book is this story, with Dave eventually being able to meet his daughter as an adult. While lovable in a rascally way, Dave is also frustratingly capricious all his life, alternately bragging about his sexual conquests of nameless (often underage) girls while also professing a deep-seated spirituality that encompasses Jesus, Zen, magic, witchcraft, ESP and UFOs. On one page, he may wax poetic about falling in love with the woman of his dreams and marrying her, and on the next describe nonchalantly cheating on his wife while on tour. Dave is nothing if not bold, and that’s what makes the book so interesting. Aside from essentially inventing hard rock with those early Kinks records, creating an edgier sound that none of their contemporaries had attained, he also had the longest hair of any rocker in 1964, longer than any of the Beatles or Rolling Stones, and additionally was unabashed about pursuing sex with men when he felt like it too. While not a great writer of prose, Dave Davies makes up for it with sheer genuineness. If ghostwriters and editors were involved, they seem to have stayed out of the way and allowed Dave’s personality to come through. You come away feeling like you really know the guy and that he’s truly let his guard down, and that more than anything makes the book worthwhile.

Ritual

David Pinner – 1967

“Your God, my God, our God, is freedom! Complete freedom! To do anything! Run faster than wind! Play till stars are tired! In this tree, the blood is sleeping, waiting for you to revive it. It will give you strength to grow. To be the best! And one day you will take the world by the throat and wring it until winter is dead and summer lasts forever! So touch the oak! Touch it! Grow!”

A neurotic, repressed Christian police detective is sent from London to a remote village in Cornwall to look into the mysterious murder of a young girl. After investigating, he is convinced the death was a Celtic sacrifice of some kind, which is borne out by the villager’s delight in taunting him for his religious fundamentalism. The policeman’s insufferable self-righteousness makes him impossible to root for and a ripe target of the villagers’ malicious pranks. They delight in sending him through a maze of wild goose chases and testing his chastity with their brazen sensuality. Ultimately, he is incredulous that the community seems to easily bounce between mainstream Christianity by day and the region’s traditional ways of nature worship by night, comparing the situation to the dichotomy of voodoo and Catholicism in Haiti. As a whodunit, the plot remains misty as the inspector’s sanity increasingly comes into question. The real appeal of Ritual for me was David Pinner’s florid language. A prolific playwright, actor and novelist, he has a poet’s delicate flair for allusions and metaphors, combined with a biting satirical edge that can be hilarious. Pinner sold the film rights to the book, but the filmmakers only adapted some key elements and crafted their own version instead, which became the cult classic The Wicker Man.

Cruising

Gerald Walker – 1970 

While not a bestseller, Cruising caused a bit of a sensation by being so relentlessly lurid and one of the earliest exposes of the gay subculture in New York City. Though written before the Stonewall riots, it depicts both closeted and uncloseted gay men actively pursuing their sexual needs despite the dangers inherent in the practice of “cruising,” picking up, or being picked up by, random strangers. My interest in the book came from the fact that it was the foundation for not one but two great movies released in 1980, Brian De Palma’s Dressed to Kill and William Friedkin’s Cruising, the latter of which was freely adapted from the novel. De Palma had developed the project before Friedkin, having been impressed with the book, but after he lost the rights to it, he modified some of its themes and details into a new story, which became Dressed to Kill. The novel is a parallel narrative about a college student (Stuart Richards) who brutally murders gay men out of a thinly veiled rage against his own latent homosexual feelings, and a rookie policeman (John Lynch) who is assigned to go undercover in the gay “community” to draw out the killer. Lynch has been chosen because he resembles the victims and is deemed the killer’s “type.” He is hopelessly backwards and simple is his thinking on homosexuality, women and racial minorities, and is in many ways just as irrationally homophobic as Richards and many of the cops who routinely harass and beat up gays. The book’s numberless chapters go back and forth between Lynch’s and Richards’ stories as they gradually converge. Lynch’s visceral repulsion at the thought of sex between two men is mirrored by Richards’ contempt for the succession of women he sleeps with, with varying success, as he tries to force the homosexual impulses out of his psyche. The two young men resemble each other so much that Lynch is actually mistaken for Richards by a bullying cop who encounters them separately a day apart in the same vicinity. (This is a potent element missing from Friedkin’s film due to a miscast Al Pacino, at least 15 years too old for the lead role, although he was admirably brave to do so.) As far as I can discover, Cruising was Walker’s only published novel. He was a writer and editor with the New York Times Magazine for several decades. The book is not great literature by any means, but it’s not a mere potboiler either. The sometimes cliché psychological ideas ultimately give way to genuine suspense and a startlingly downbeat and foreboding conclusion.